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Mini 1969 2001 Haynes Service Repair Manual UK
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Get other BMW repair manuals here Mini 1969 - 2001 Haynes Owners Service Repair Manual covers: Saloon, Estate, Van and Pick-up, Including Clubman, Cooper S Mk3, 1275GT, 1.3i, Cooper and Special/Limited Editions.Engines covered: 0.9 litre (848cc), 1.0 litre (998cc), 1.1 litre (1098cc) and 1.3 litre (1275cc).Does NOT cover ERA Mini Turbo.Does NOT cover features specific to Cabriolet.Inside this manual you will find: Routine Maintenance, tune-up procedures, engine repair, cooling and heating, air-conditioning, fuel and exhaust, emissions control, ignition, brakes, suspension and steering, electrical systems and wiring diagrams.Haynes repair manuals can save you money on maintenance and repair bills. Step-by-step procedures and illustrations guide you through every job, from basic maintenance and troubleshooting, to complete teardown rebuild. Information on Repair and Service Manuals Note that repair manuals are normally produced for models sold in a particular country. Differences in specification can exist between models sold in different countries and items such as installed engines can differ. Please check that the manual will cover your model before purchase and if you need more detail please contact us here. . |
The Mini is a little economy automobile prepared by the British Motor Corporation as well as its successors from 1959 till 2000. The authentic is considered a British icon of the 1960s. Its space-saving front-wheel drive design -- permitting 80 % of the region of the auto s floorpan with be selected for guests plus luggage -- influenced a generation of automobile machines.
This distinctive two-door automobile was tailored for BMC by Sir Alec Issigonis. It was produced at the Longbridge plus Cowley vegetation inside England, the Victoria Park / Zetland British Motor Corporation factory inside Sydney, Australia, plus later moreover inside Spain, Belgium, Chile, Italy, Malta, Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela plus Yugoslavia. The Mini Mark I had 3 main UK changes -- the Mark II, the Clubman as well as the Mark III. Within these had been a series of variations, including an property auto, a pick-up truck, a van as well as the Mini Moke -- a jeep-like buggy. The Mini Cooper plus Cooper "S" were sportier versions which were effective because rally vehicles, winning the Monte Carlo Rally 4 instances from 1964 from with 1967, though inside 1966 the Mini was disqualified following the finish, together with six alternative British entrants, that included the initially 4 vehicles to complete, below a questionable ruling which the vehicles had selected an illegal mixture of headlamps plus spotlights.
On introduction inside August 1959 the Mini was advertised below the Austin plus Morris names, because the Austin Seven plus Morris Mini-Minor. The Austin Seven was renamed with Austin Mini inside January 1962 plus Mini became a marque inside its own appropriate inside 1969. In 1980 it again became the Austin Mini plus inside 1988 the Rover Mini.
Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis, ) became a Greek-British designer of vehicles, today remembered chiefly for the groundbreaking plus influential development of the Mini, established by the British Motor Corporation inside 1959.The Mini Moke is a car based found on the Mini crafted for the British Motor Corporation by Sir Alec Issigonis.
The name originates from "Mini"---the automobile with that the Moke shares several parts---and "Moke", that is an archaic dialect expression for donkey. The Moke has been advertised below numerous names including Austin Mini Moke, Morris Mini Moke plus Leyland Moke.
Issigonis friend John Cooper, owner of the Cooper Car Company plus designer plus builder of Formula One plus rally vehicles, saw the possible of the Mini for competition. Issigonis was initially hesitant to find the Mini inside the character of the performance vehicle, yet following John Cooper appealed with BMC administration, the 2 guys collaborated with create the Mini Cooper. The Austin Mini Cooper plus Morris Mini Cooper debuted inside 1961.
The 848 cc engine within the Morris Mini-Minor was provided a longer stroke with heighten ability with 997 cubic centimetres improving force from 34 with 55 bhp. The auto showcased a racing-tuned engine, twin SU carburettors, a closer-ratio gearbox plus front disk brakes, unusual at the amount of time in a tiny automobile. One 1000 units of the adaptation were commissioned by administration, intended for plus crafted to satisfy the homologation rules of Group 2 rally racing. The 997 cc engine was changed with a smaller stroke 998 cc device inside 1964. In 1962, Rhodesian John Love became the initial non-British racing driver with win the British Saloon Car Championship driving a Mini Cooper.
Timo Mkinen plus Mini Cooper S about their method to the initial of the hat-trick of wins inside the 1000 Lakes Rally inside Finland
A more effective Mini Cooper, dubbed the "S", was developed inside tandem plus introduced inside 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine with a 70.61 mm bore plus nitrided steel crankshaft plus strengthened bottom end with let further tuning; plus bigger servo-assisted disk brakes, 4,030 Cooper S vehicles were yielded plus available till the model was up-to-date inside August 1964. Cooper moreover yielded 2 S models especially for circuit racing inside the under 1,000 cc plus under 1,300 cc classes respectively, rated at 970 cc along with a 1,275 cc, both had a 70.61 mm bore plus both of that were furthermore available with the public. The smaller-engine model wasn't perfectly received, plus just 963 had been built whenever the model was discontinued inside 1965. The 1,275 cc Cooper S models continued inside manufacturing till 1971.
Sales of the Mini Cooper were because follows: 64,000 Mark I Coopers with 997 cc or 998 cc engines; 19,000 Mark I Cooper S with 970 cc, 1,071 cc or 1,275 cc engines; 16,000 Mark II Coopers with 998 cc engines; 6,300 Mark II Cooper S with 1,275 cc motors. There were no Mark III Coopers plus only 1,570 Mark III Cooper S.
The Mini Cooper S earned the Monte Carlo Rally inside 1964, 1965 plus 1967. Minis were initially located initially, 2nd plus 3rd inside the 1966 rally too, nevertheless were disqualified following a controversial choice by the French judges. The disqualification connected with the utilization of the varying resistance headlamp dimming circuit inside region of the dual-filament lamp. It ought to be noted which the Citron DS that has been eventually granted initially destination had illegal white headlamps nevertheless escaped disqualification. The driver of the Citron, Pauli Toivonen, was hesitant with accept the trophy plus vowed which he might not race for Citron again. BMC possibly received more publicity within the disqualification than they might have gained from a victory.
The initial shape became a prototype for a light military car inside the fashion of the American Jeep, nevertheless its tiny wheels plus low ground clearance created it impractical because an off-road car. It was subsequently available inside a civilian variation because a low-cost, conveniently maintained utility car. The Moke finally attained achievement because a beach buggy---becoming a prevalent cult car inside the Algarve, Seychelles, Australia, the United States plus various tropical hotels inside the Caribbean. The authentic Moke selected identical engine, transmission plus suspension components within the Mini Van.
The initially Mokes were just built at BMC s Longbridge, Birmingham plant. 14,518 Mokes were yielded inside the UK between 1964 plus 1968, 26,000 inside Australia between 1966 plus 1981, plus 10,000 inside Portugal between 1980 plus 1993 whenever creation of the Moke ended.
The Moke was integrated Australia from 1966 with 1981 where it was initially advertised because the Morris Mini Moke plus from 1973 because the Leyland Moke. Initially Australian Mokes had the same 10 inch wheels because British Mokes plus Mini saloons, yet these were shortly changed by 13 inch wheels with longer back trailing arms, that created them more useful for gentle off-road or beach utilize than the British variation. The strong metal seats of the British Mokes were changed with tubular-framed "deck-chair" seats. This variant began with a 998 cc engine that was turned inside mid-production with 1,098 cc. In 1976, with all the advent of brand-new anti-pollution needs, the nearby produced 1,098 cc engine was changed by an imported variation of the 998 cc engine with an air pump plus exhaust fuel recirculation, that had been developed to satisfy UK anti-pollution specifications.
For a short period about 1972, Leyland Australia yielded a variant referred with inside Leyland literature because "Moke, specialized export", however commonly called a "Californian", that had a 1,275 cc engine plus was fitted with side marker lights plus different back lights with conform with US FMVSS practices. The gas tank within the Austin Sprite or MG Midget was fitted under the back weight location, changing the standard tank installed inside the left sidebox. The export Californian was commonly recognisable by its rooftop plus seats, trimmed inside Op-pop verve black plus white tiger striped plastic or Orange Bali plastic, that looked somewhat like a fruit dish, plus was quickly advertised with the flower force culture inside the United States.
The name "Californian" as well as the 1,275 cc engine were resurrected inside 1977 for Australian marketplace Mokes with denim seat covers, more comfortable seats, spoked wheels plus complex tubular bumpers.
Australian Mokes were exported with various nations, plus pioneered large-scale exports of Australian-made cars. Leyland Australia produced much of these exports inside its advertising. The employ of Australian-made Mokes by the Israeli Army attracted controversy plus media attention.
From 1975, a pickup adaptation of the Moke was yielded, with a 1.45 x 1.50 metre drop-sided bed that protruded behind the back of the car, along with a fabric top over the cab region. At least 2 four-wheel drive Moke prototypes were produced by Leyland Australia inside the late 1970s, nevertheless unlike the British variation, these selected simply 1 engine. Leyland were planning with market this variation, yet Moke manufacturing inside Australia ended inside 1981 plus all which remains of the project is regarded as the prototypes that is today owned by an enthusiast inside Western Australia along with a modified differential crownwheel with gearteeth cut inside the side with drive the back tailshaft, inside the individual assortment of a Melbourne Mini professional.
In 1977 a 1,275 cc Cooper S-engined Moke was entered into the Singapore Airlines London-Sydney Marathon. The automobile was driven over 25,000 km over 25 days plus completed inside 35th region.
The Moke s construction is easy. The body primarily consists of 2 box-section pontoons or sideboxes running between your front plus back wheels, plus include extensions of which within the back of the auto all of the means about the front. These are associated by the floor pan, the firewall along with a strong lateral torque box which runs below the front seats plus stiffens the body inside torsion. The left-hand pontoon contains the gas tank; the right-hand has a compartment for the power along with a little lockable storage location. The 1972 "Moke, Special Export", commonly called a Californian Moke, has an Austin Sprite/MG Midget kind gas tank fitted under the back floor location to satisfy the American FMVSS protection needs of the time. Standard Mokes of the same period plus later Californian Mokes employ the traditional tank installed inside the left sidebox. Later Portuguese Mokes have extra lockable storage at the back of the car. The optional fabric canopy has plastic side windows, plus is held up with a thin tubular structure which can be removed whenever not required. In later versions this was changed with a more strong roll cage. The windscreen can be unbolted plus removed when not required. There are only 3 curved panels inside the Moke, the bonnet, the firewall as well as the floor, every of that is just curved inside 1 way. This makes it fairly simple with reproduce plus substitute Moke body components without access with sophisticated machine tools.
Because the Moke s A-Series engine, manual gearbox plus suspension are identical to people of the standard Mini, many spare components continue to be available. The Moke has no chassis, thus the wheels, brake assemblies plus suspension are connected with front plus back subframes bolted directly onto the monocoque shell, simply because with a standard Mini. Mokes tend with need much structural upkeep when they are with remain inside superior running purchase.
The Mark III Mini had a modified bodyshell with enough changes to find the factory code change from ADO15 with ADO20. The many apparent changes were greater doorways with hidden hinges. Customer need led with the sliding windows being changed with winding windows---although several Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature inside 1965. The suspension reverted from Hydrolastic with rubber cones because a cost-saving measure.
Production at the Cowley plant was ended, as well as the easy name Mini completely changed the separate Austin plus Morris brands. In April 1974 a heater became standard equipment found on the entry level Mini 850 too, having at this point been included inside the standard specification of the alternative models for certain time.
In the late 1970s, Innocenti introduced the Innocenti 90 plus 120, Bertone-designed hatchbacks based found on the Mini platform. Bertone furthermore built a Mini Cooper similar, christened the Innocenti De Tomaso, which sported a 1275 cc engine synonymous with the MG Metro engine, nevertheless with an 11-stud head, a unique inlet manifold, plus employed the "A" clutch rather of the "Verto" kind. It additionally employed homokinetic shafts rather of rubber couplings.
The Mini was nonetheless prevalent inside Britain, nevertheless appeared increasingly outdated inside the face of new plus more useful rivals. Because the late 1960s, plans had been inside spot for a new plus more useful supermini with substitute it, though the Mini was nevertheless truly the only automobile of the size built by British Leyland for the house marketplace.
In 1969, beneath the ownership of British Leyland, the Mini was provided a facelift by stylist Roy Haynes, whom had earlier worked for Ford. The restyled variation was called the Mini Clubman, plus has a squarer frontal look, utilizing the same indicator/sidelight assembly because the Austin Maxi. The Mini Clubman was intended with substitute the upmarket Riley plus Wolseley versions. A hot model, dubbed the 1275GT, was slated because the substitution for the 998 cc Mini Cooper. The Clubman Estate changed the Countryman plus Traveller. The authentic "round-front" shape stayed inside manufacturing alongside the Clubman plus 1275GT.
Production of the Clubman plus 1275GT got off with a slow begin considering the vehicles included "many manufacturing changes" including the relocation of tooling within the producer s Cowley plant with the Longbridge plant: few vehicles were handed over with shoppers before the early months of 1970.
Early domestic marketplace Clubmans were nevertheless delivered about cross-ply tyres even though by 1970 radials had become the norm for the vehicle s mainstream competitors. By 1973 new Minis were, by standard, being shipped with radial tyres, though cross-plies might be specified by unique purchase, providing British customers a cost saving of 8.
The 1275GT is usually incorrectly described because the "Mini Clubman 1275GT". The official name was usually only the "Mini 1275GT", plus it had been a separate, distinct model within the Clubman.
In 1971, the 1,275 cc Mini Cooper S was discontinued inside the UK, exiting the Mini 1275GT because truly the only sporting Mini about sale for the rest of the decade. Innocenti inside Italy, still, continued creating their own adaptation of the Mini Cooper for several time. While the UK built 1275GT wasn't almost because rapid because a 1275 Mini Cooper S, it was cheaper with purchase, run, plus insure. It was the initial Mini with be loaded with a tachometer. It additionally showcased a standard-fit close-ratio gearbox. Performance of the 1275GT was lively for the time, achieving 0--60 mph inside 12.9 seconds, as well as the good midrange torque available a 30--50 mph amount of time in top gear of just 9 seconds. The bluff front, though, meant which the model struggled with reach 90 mph.
Throughout the 1970s, British Leyland continued with provide the classic 1959 "round-front" shape, alongside the new Clubman plus 1275GT models. The long-nose Clubman plus 1275GT available greater crash protection, were greater prepared, plus had greater under-bonnet access, even so they were higher priced plus aerodynamically inferior with the authentic 1959 shape. The Mini Clubman plus 1275GT were changed inside 1980 by the brand-new hatchback Austin Metro, when creation of the authentic "round-front" Mini shape continued for another 20 years. At the finish of Clubman plus 1275GT manufacturing, 275,583 Clubman saloons, 197,606 Clubman Estates plus 110,673 1275GTs had been created.
The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a kind of internal combustion 4 cylinder engine with all 4 cylinders installed inside a straight line, or airplane over the crankcase. The single bank of cylinders can be oriented inside either a vertical or an inclined airplane with the pistons driving a prevalent crankshaft. Where it really is inclined, it is actually often called a slant-four. In a specification chart or whenever an abbreviation is employed, an inline-four engine is indexed either because I4 or L4.
The inline-four design is within ideal main balance plus confers a degree of mechanical simplicity that makes it common for economy vehicles. But, despite its simplicity, it suffers from a secondary imbalance that causes minor vibrations inside small machines. These vibrations become more effective because engine size plus energy heighten, thus the more effective machines utilized inside bigger vehicles mostly are more complex designs with over 4 cylinders.
Today all producers of four-cylinder motors for vehicles make the inline-four design, with Subaru s flat-four engine being a notable exception, so four-cylinder is synonymous with along with a more popular expression than inline-four. The inline-four is the most commonly known engine configuration inside contemporary vehicles, when the V6 engine is the next top. In the late 2000s, with car producers generating efforts with minimize emissions; plus heighten gas efficiency due with the excellent cost of oil as well as the financial recession, the proportion of unique cars available inside the U.S. with four-cylinder machines rose from 25 % with 47 % between 2005 plus 2008, especially inside mid-size cars where a decreasing quantity of customers have selected the V6 performance way.
An even-firing inline-four engine is within main balance considering the pistons are moving inside pairs, plus 1 pair of pistons is constantly moving up simultaneously because the alternative pair is moving down. However, piston acceleration plus deceleration is better inside the best half of the crankshaft rotation than inside the bottom half, considering the connecting rods are not infinitely lengthy, causing a non-sinusoidal motion. As a happen, 2 pistons are usually accelerating quicker inside 1 way, when the alternative 2 are accelerating more gradually inside the alternative way, that causes a secondary dynamic imbalance which causes an up-and-down vibration at twice crankshaft speed. This imbalance is widespread amidst all piston motors, yet the impact is very sturdy about inline-four as a result of the 2 pistons usually moving together.
Why for the piston s high speed throughout the 180 rotation from mid-stroke by top-dead-centre, plus back with mid-stroke, is the fact that the minor contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the connecting rod s change of angle here has the same way because the main contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the up/down movement of the crank pin. By contrast, throughout the 180 rotation from mid-stroke by bottom-dead-centre plus back with mid-stroke, the minor contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the connecting rod s change of angle has the opposite way of the main contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the up/down movement of the crank pin.
The strength of the imbalance is determined by 1. Reciprocating mass, 2. Ratio of connecting rod size with stroke, plus 3. Acceleration of piston movement. So little displacement machines with light pistons show small impact, plus racing machines employ lengthy connecting rods. But, the impact grows exponentially with crankshaft rotational speed. See crossplane post for unusual inline-four designs.
The AP automatic transmission is a 4-speed automatic transmission device developed by Automotive Products as well as the British Motor Corporation particularly for employ inside the Mini.
It was specific because not merely was it among the initially transverse installed automatic transmission units designed for front wheel drive, it was among the smallest inside purchase with be selected inside the transmission-in-sump installation below the A-series engine chosen inside the Mini, plus later the 1100/1300 ranges. Another novel feature was which the transmission was crafted with employ the engine s lubricating oil, instead of traditional automatic transmission fluid. The units were produced inside a BMC plant inside Kings Norton, Birmingham that provided complete powertrain packages with the Longbridge plus Cowley assembly vegetation.
It was additionally later utilized found on the Austin Allegro, as well as its final employ was inside the authentic adaptation of the Austin Metro, plus stayed a choice till 1990.
The British Motor Corporation Limited had been a UK-based car maker, created inside early 1952 with provide impact with an agreed merger of the Morris plus Austin companies.
BMC acquired the shares inside Morris Motors as well as the Austin Motor Company. Morris Motors, the carrying firm of the successful companies of the Nuffield Organisation), owned MG, Riley plus Wolseley.
The agreed exchange of shares inside Morris or Austin for shares inside the fresh carrying business, BMC, became efficient inside mid-April 1952.
In September 1965 BMC took control of its main dealers Pressed Steel acquiring Jaguar s body supplier inside the procedure.
In September 1966 BMC took control of Jaguar Cars Limited.
On 14 December 1966 BMC changed its name with British Motor Holdings Limited or BMH.
BMH merged inside May 1968 with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, that created pickups plus buses plus were owners of Standard-Triumph International Limited, BMH becoming the main piece of British Leyland Motor Corporation.
BMC was the biggest British auto business of its day, with 39 per cent of British output, producing a variety of vehicles below brands including Austin, Morris, MG, Austin-Healey, Riley plus Wolseley and commercial cars plus agricultural tractors. The first chairman was Lord Nuffield yet he was changed at the finish of 1952 by Austin s Leonard Lord that continued because part till his 65th birthday inside 1961 nevertheless handing over, inside theory at minimum, the managing director tasks with his deputy George Harriman inside 1956.
BMC s headquarters were at the Austin plant at Longbridge, close Birmingham plus Austin was the dominant partner inside the group because of the chairman. The employ of Morris engine designs was dropped in 3 years plus all hot automobile designs were coded ADO from "Amalgamated Drawing Office". The Longbridge plant was up-to-date, having been completely modernised inside 1951, plus compared truly favourably with Nuffield s 16 different plus usually older fashioned factories spread over the English Midlands. Austin s administration systems but, specifically expense control plus advertising, were less advantageous because Nuffield s plus because the marketplace changed from a shortage of vehicles with competition this was with tell. The biggest-selling automobile, the Mini, was famously analysed by Ford Motor Company whom concluded which BMC should be losing 25 about each 1 available. The happen was which though volumes held up perfectly throughout the BMC era, marketplace share fell because did profitability plus therefore investment inside brand-new models, causing the 1966 merger with Jaguar Cars with shape British Motor Holdings, as well as the government sponsored merger of BMH with Leyland Motor Corporation inside 1968.
At the time of the mergers, there was clearly a perfectly established dealership network for every of the marques. Among the car-buying British public there was clearly a tendency of loyalty with a certain marque plus marques appealed with different marketplace segments. This meant which marques competed against every alternative inside certain regions, though several marques had a bigger range than others. The Riley plus Wolseley models were marketing inside quite tiny numbers. Styling was furthermore getting distinctly older fashioned plus this caused Leonard Lord, inside an unusual move for him, with call on the services of a exterior stylist.
The Mark IV was introduced inside 1976. It has a front rubber installed subframe with single tower bolts as well as the back frame had certain bigger bushes introduced. Twin stalk indicators were introduced with heavier foot pedals. From 1977 onwards, the back signal lights had the reverse lights included inside them. In 1980, the engine was uprated with the improved A-Plus device within the Metro. This was then followed with a quantity of later incremental developments:
In 1978, the Mini was among the key vehicles prepared accessible with disabled motorists beneath the fresh Motability scheme.
Reports of the Mini s imminent demise surfaced again inside 1980 with all the release of the Austin Mini-Metro. The Mini was beginning with fall from favour inside various export markets, with all the South African, Australian, plus New Zealand markets all stopping manufacturing about this time. Although the Mini continued with be yielded affter the Metro s release, creation volumes were reduced because British Leyland plus successor combine Rover Group concentrated found on the Metro because its key supermini. 1981 was the Mini s last year inside the best 10 of Britain s top marketing vehicles, because it came ninth as well as the Metro was fifth.
The Mini became a Rover Mini from 1988.
The fibreglass Mini integrated Chile from 1970 till 1974 wasn't truly the only fibreglass version: inside the summer of 1991, a fibreglass bodied Mini again entered manufacturing, this amount of time in Venezuela. The producer, Facorca, intended with market the vehicle inside the Caribbean plus Central America, and had plans for Brazilian assembly.
Mark V: all vehicles had 8.4-inch brake discs plus plastic wheel arches however retained the same Mark IV body shell form.
Mark VI: the engine mounting points were moved forward with take 1275 cc force units, plus involves the later HIF adaptation of the SU carb, and the single point gas injected automobile that came out inside 1991. The 998 cc energy units were discontinued. An internal bonnet launch was fitted from 1992.
Mark VII: was the final variation, twin point injection with front installed radiator. Full-width dashboard replaces the authentic shelf, internal bonnet launch. Introduction of airbag about driver s side.
This distinctive two-door automobile was tailored for BMC by Sir Alec Issigonis. It was produced at the Longbridge plus Cowley vegetation inside England, the Victoria Park / Zetland British Motor Corporation factory inside Sydney, Australia, plus later moreover inside Spain, Belgium, Chile, Italy, Malta, Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela plus Yugoslavia. The Mini Mark I had 3 main UK changes -- the Mark II, the Clubman as well as the Mark III. Within these had been a series of variations, including an property auto, a pick-up truck, a van as well as the Mini Moke -- a jeep-like buggy. The Mini Cooper plus Cooper "S" were sportier versions which were effective because rally vehicles, winning the Monte Carlo Rally 4 instances from 1964 from with 1967, though inside 1966 the Mini was disqualified following the finish, together with six alternative British entrants, that included the initially 4 vehicles to complete, below a questionable ruling which the vehicles had selected an illegal mixture of headlamps plus spotlights.
On introduction inside August 1959 the Mini was advertised below the Austin plus Morris names, because the Austin Seven plus Morris Mini-Minor. The Austin Seven was renamed with Austin Mini inside January 1962 plus Mini became a marque inside its own appropriate inside 1969. In 1980 it again became the Austin Mini plus inside 1988 the Rover Mini.
Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine Issigonis, ) became a Greek-British designer of vehicles, today remembered chiefly for the groundbreaking plus influential development of the Mini, established by the British Motor Corporation inside 1959.The Mini Moke is a car based found on the Mini crafted for the British Motor Corporation by Sir Alec Issigonis.
The name originates from "Mini"---the automobile with that the Moke shares several parts---and "Moke", that is an archaic dialect expression for donkey. The Moke has been advertised below numerous names including Austin Mini Moke, Morris Mini Moke plus Leyland Moke.
Issigonis friend John Cooper, owner of the Cooper Car Company plus designer plus builder of Formula One plus rally vehicles, saw the possible of the Mini for competition. Issigonis was initially hesitant to find the Mini inside the character of the performance vehicle, yet following John Cooper appealed with BMC administration, the 2 guys collaborated with create the Mini Cooper. The Austin Mini Cooper plus Morris Mini Cooper debuted inside 1961.
The 848 cc engine within the Morris Mini-Minor was provided a longer stroke with heighten ability with 997 cubic centimetres improving force from 34 with 55 bhp. The auto showcased a racing-tuned engine, twin SU carburettors, a closer-ratio gearbox plus front disk brakes, unusual at the amount of time in a tiny automobile. One 1000 units of the adaptation were commissioned by administration, intended for plus crafted to satisfy the homologation rules of Group 2 rally racing. The 997 cc engine was changed with a smaller stroke 998 cc device inside 1964. In 1962, Rhodesian John Love became the initial non-British racing driver with win the British Saloon Car Championship driving a Mini Cooper.
Timo Mkinen plus Mini Cooper S about their method to the initial of the hat-trick of wins inside the 1000 Lakes Rally inside Finland
A more effective Mini Cooper, dubbed the "S", was developed inside tandem plus introduced inside 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine with a 70.61 mm bore plus nitrided steel crankshaft plus strengthened bottom end with let further tuning; plus bigger servo-assisted disk brakes, 4,030 Cooper S vehicles were yielded plus available till the model was up-to-date inside August 1964. Cooper moreover yielded 2 S models especially for circuit racing inside the under 1,000 cc plus under 1,300 cc classes respectively, rated at 970 cc along with a 1,275 cc, both had a 70.61 mm bore plus both of that were furthermore available with the public. The smaller-engine model wasn't perfectly received, plus just 963 had been built whenever the model was discontinued inside 1965. The 1,275 cc Cooper S models continued inside manufacturing till 1971.
Sales of the Mini Cooper were because follows: 64,000 Mark I Coopers with 997 cc or 998 cc engines; 19,000 Mark I Cooper S with 970 cc, 1,071 cc or 1,275 cc engines; 16,000 Mark II Coopers with 998 cc engines; 6,300 Mark II Cooper S with 1,275 cc motors. There were no Mark III Coopers plus only 1,570 Mark III Cooper S.
The Mini Cooper S earned the Monte Carlo Rally inside 1964, 1965 plus 1967. Minis were initially located initially, 2nd plus 3rd inside the 1966 rally too, nevertheless were disqualified following a controversial choice by the French judges. The disqualification connected with the utilization of the varying resistance headlamp dimming circuit inside region of the dual-filament lamp. It ought to be noted which the Citron DS that has been eventually granted initially destination had illegal white headlamps nevertheless escaped disqualification. The driver of the Citron, Pauli Toivonen, was hesitant with accept the trophy plus vowed which he might not race for Citron again. BMC possibly received more publicity within the disqualification than they might have gained from a victory.
The initial shape became a prototype for a light military car inside the fashion of the American Jeep, nevertheless its tiny wheels plus low ground clearance created it impractical because an off-road car. It was subsequently available inside a civilian variation because a low-cost, conveniently maintained utility car. The Moke finally attained achievement because a beach buggy---becoming a prevalent cult car inside the Algarve, Seychelles, Australia, the United States plus various tropical hotels inside the Caribbean. The authentic Moke selected identical engine, transmission plus suspension components within the Mini Van.
The initially Mokes were just built at BMC s Longbridge, Birmingham plant. 14,518 Mokes were yielded inside the UK between 1964 plus 1968, 26,000 inside Australia between 1966 plus 1981, plus 10,000 inside Portugal between 1980 plus 1993 whenever creation of the Moke ended.
The Moke was integrated Australia from 1966 with 1981 where it was initially advertised because the Morris Mini Moke plus from 1973 because the Leyland Moke. Initially Australian Mokes had the same 10 inch wheels because British Mokes plus Mini saloons, yet these were shortly changed by 13 inch wheels with longer back trailing arms, that created them more useful for gentle off-road or beach utilize than the British variation. The strong metal seats of the British Mokes were changed with tubular-framed "deck-chair" seats. This variant began with a 998 cc engine that was turned inside mid-production with 1,098 cc. In 1976, with all the advent of brand-new anti-pollution needs, the nearby produced 1,098 cc engine was changed by an imported variation of the 998 cc engine with an air pump plus exhaust fuel recirculation, that had been developed to satisfy UK anti-pollution specifications.
For a short period about 1972, Leyland Australia yielded a variant referred with inside Leyland literature because "Moke, specialized export", however commonly called a "Californian", that had a 1,275 cc engine plus was fitted with side marker lights plus different back lights with conform with US FMVSS practices. The gas tank within the Austin Sprite or MG Midget was fitted under the back weight location, changing the standard tank installed inside the left sidebox. The export Californian was commonly recognisable by its rooftop plus seats, trimmed inside Op-pop verve black plus white tiger striped plastic or Orange Bali plastic, that looked somewhat like a fruit dish, plus was quickly advertised with the flower force culture inside the United States.
The name "Californian" as well as the 1,275 cc engine were resurrected inside 1977 for Australian marketplace Mokes with denim seat covers, more comfortable seats, spoked wheels plus complex tubular bumpers.
Australian Mokes were exported with various nations, plus pioneered large-scale exports of Australian-made cars. Leyland Australia produced much of these exports inside its advertising. The employ of Australian-made Mokes by the Israeli Army attracted controversy plus media attention.
From 1975, a pickup adaptation of the Moke was yielded, with a 1.45 x 1.50 metre drop-sided bed that protruded behind the back of the car, along with a fabric top over the cab region. At least 2 four-wheel drive Moke prototypes were produced by Leyland Australia inside the late 1970s, nevertheless unlike the British variation, these selected simply 1 engine. Leyland were planning with market this variation, yet Moke manufacturing inside Australia ended inside 1981 plus all which remains of the project is regarded as the prototypes that is today owned by an enthusiast inside Western Australia along with a modified differential crownwheel with gearteeth cut inside the side with drive the back tailshaft, inside the individual assortment of a Melbourne Mini professional.
In 1977 a 1,275 cc Cooper S-engined Moke was entered into the Singapore Airlines London-Sydney Marathon. The automobile was driven over 25,000 km over 25 days plus completed inside 35th region.
The Moke s construction is easy. The body primarily consists of 2 box-section pontoons or sideboxes running between your front plus back wheels, plus include extensions of which within the back of the auto all of the means about the front. These are associated by the floor pan, the firewall along with a strong lateral torque box which runs below the front seats plus stiffens the body inside torsion. The left-hand pontoon contains the gas tank; the right-hand has a compartment for the power along with a little lockable storage location. The 1972 "Moke, Special Export", commonly called a Californian Moke, has an Austin Sprite/MG Midget kind gas tank fitted under the back floor location to satisfy the American FMVSS protection needs of the time. Standard Mokes of the same period plus later Californian Mokes employ the traditional tank installed inside the left sidebox. Later Portuguese Mokes have extra lockable storage at the back of the car. The optional fabric canopy has plastic side windows, plus is held up with a thin tubular structure which can be removed whenever not required. In later versions this was changed with a more strong roll cage. The windscreen can be unbolted plus removed when not required. There are only 3 curved panels inside the Moke, the bonnet, the firewall as well as the floor, every of that is just curved inside 1 way. This makes it fairly simple with reproduce plus substitute Moke body components without access with sophisticated machine tools.
Because the Moke s A-Series engine, manual gearbox plus suspension are identical to people of the standard Mini, many spare components continue to be available. The Moke has no chassis, thus the wheels, brake assemblies plus suspension are connected with front plus back subframes bolted directly onto the monocoque shell, simply because with a standard Mini. Mokes tend with need much structural upkeep when they are with remain inside superior running purchase.
The Mark III Mini had a modified bodyshell with enough changes to find the factory code change from ADO15 with ADO20. The many apparent changes were greater doorways with hidden hinges. Customer need led with the sliding windows being changed with winding windows---although several Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature inside 1965. The suspension reverted from Hydrolastic with rubber cones because a cost-saving measure.
Production at the Cowley plant was ended, as well as the easy name Mini completely changed the separate Austin plus Morris brands. In April 1974 a heater became standard equipment found on the entry level Mini 850 too, having at this point been included inside the standard specification of the alternative models for certain time.
In the late 1970s, Innocenti introduced the Innocenti 90 plus 120, Bertone-designed hatchbacks based found on the Mini platform. Bertone furthermore built a Mini Cooper similar, christened the Innocenti De Tomaso, which sported a 1275 cc engine synonymous with the MG Metro engine, nevertheless with an 11-stud head, a unique inlet manifold, plus employed the "A" clutch rather of the "Verto" kind. It additionally employed homokinetic shafts rather of rubber couplings.
The Mini was nonetheless prevalent inside Britain, nevertheless appeared increasingly outdated inside the face of new plus more useful rivals. Because the late 1960s, plans had been inside spot for a new plus more useful supermini with substitute it, though the Mini was nevertheless truly the only automobile of the size built by British Leyland for the house marketplace.
In 1969, beneath the ownership of British Leyland, the Mini was provided a facelift by stylist Roy Haynes, whom had earlier worked for Ford. The restyled variation was called the Mini Clubman, plus has a squarer frontal look, utilizing the same indicator/sidelight assembly because the Austin Maxi. The Mini Clubman was intended with substitute the upmarket Riley plus Wolseley versions. A hot model, dubbed the 1275GT, was slated because the substitution for the 998 cc Mini Cooper. The Clubman Estate changed the Countryman plus Traveller. The authentic "round-front" shape stayed inside manufacturing alongside the Clubman plus 1275GT.
Production of the Clubman plus 1275GT got off with a slow begin considering the vehicles included "many manufacturing changes" including the relocation of tooling within the producer s Cowley plant with the Longbridge plant: few vehicles were handed over with shoppers before the early months of 1970.
Early domestic marketplace Clubmans were nevertheless delivered about cross-ply tyres even though by 1970 radials had become the norm for the vehicle s mainstream competitors. By 1973 new Minis were, by standard, being shipped with radial tyres, though cross-plies might be specified by unique purchase, providing British customers a cost saving of 8.
The 1275GT is usually incorrectly described because the "Mini Clubman 1275GT". The official name was usually only the "Mini 1275GT", plus it had been a separate, distinct model within the Clubman.
In 1971, the 1,275 cc Mini Cooper S was discontinued inside the UK, exiting the Mini 1275GT because truly the only sporting Mini about sale for the rest of the decade. Innocenti inside Italy, still, continued creating their own adaptation of the Mini Cooper for several time. While the UK built 1275GT wasn't almost because rapid because a 1275 Mini Cooper S, it was cheaper with purchase, run, plus insure. It was the initial Mini with be loaded with a tachometer. It additionally showcased a standard-fit close-ratio gearbox. Performance of the 1275GT was lively for the time, achieving 0--60 mph inside 12.9 seconds, as well as the good midrange torque available a 30--50 mph amount of time in top gear of just 9 seconds. The bluff front, though, meant which the model struggled with reach 90 mph.
Throughout the 1970s, British Leyland continued with provide the classic 1959 "round-front" shape, alongside the new Clubman plus 1275GT models. The long-nose Clubman plus 1275GT available greater crash protection, were greater prepared, plus had greater under-bonnet access, even so they were higher priced plus aerodynamically inferior with the authentic 1959 shape. The Mini Clubman plus 1275GT were changed inside 1980 by the brand-new hatchback Austin Metro, when creation of the authentic "round-front" Mini shape continued for another 20 years. At the finish of Clubman plus 1275GT manufacturing, 275,583 Clubman saloons, 197,606 Clubman Estates plus 110,673 1275GTs had been created.
The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a kind of internal combustion 4 cylinder engine with all 4 cylinders installed inside a straight line, or airplane over the crankcase. The single bank of cylinders can be oriented inside either a vertical or an inclined airplane with the pistons driving a prevalent crankshaft. Where it really is inclined, it is actually often called a slant-four. In a specification chart or whenever an abbreviation is employed, an inline-four engine is indexed either because I4 or L4.
The inline-four design is within ideal main balance plus confers a degree of mechanical simplicity that makes it common for economy vehicles. But, despite its simplicity, it suffers from a secondary imbalance that causes minor vibrations inside small machines. These vibrations become more effective because engine size plus energy heighten, thus the more effective machines utilized inside bigger vehicles mostly are more complex designs with over 4 cylinders.
Today all producers of four-cylinder motors for vehicles make the inline-four design, with Subaru s flat-four engine being a notable exception, so four-cylinder is synonymous with along with a more popular expression than inline-four. The inline-four is the most commonly known engine configuration inside contemporary vehicles, when the V6 engine is the next top. In the late 2000s, with car producers generating efforts with minimize emissions; plus heighten gas efficiency due with the excellent cost of oil as well as the financial recession, the proportion of unique cars available inside the U.S. with four-cylinder machines rose from 25 % with 47 % between 2005 plus 2008, especially inside mid-size cars where a decreasing quantity of customers have selected the V6 performance way.
An even-firing inline-four engine is within main balance considering the pistons are moving inside pairs, plus 1 pair of pistons is constantly moving up simultaneously because the alternative pair is moving down. However, piston acceleration plus deceleration is better inside the best half of the crankshaft rotation than inside the bottom half, considering the connecting rods are not infinitely lengthy, causing a non-sinusoidal motion. As a happen, 2 pistons are usually accelerating quicker inside 1 way, when the alternative 2 are accelerating more gradually inside the alternative way, that causes a secondary dynamic imbalance which causes an up-and-down vibration at twice crankshaft speed. This imbalance is widespread amidst all piston motors, yet the impact is very sturdy about inline-four as a result of the 2 pistons usually moving together.
Why for the piston s high speed throughout the 180 rotation from mid-stroke by top-dead-centre, plus back with mid-stroke, is the fact that the minor contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the connecting rod s change of angle here has the same way because the main contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the up/down movement of the crank pin. By contrast, throughout the 180 rotation from mid-stroke by bottom-dead-centre plus back with mid-stroke, the minor contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the connecting rod s change of angle has the opposite way of the main contribution with the piston s up/down movement within the up/down movement of the crank pin.
The strength of the imbalance is determined by 1. Reciprocating mass, 2. Ratio of connecting rod size with stroke, plus 3. Acceleration of piston movement. So little displacement machines with light pistons show small impact, plus racing machines employ lengthy connecting rods. But, the impact grows exponentially with crankshaft rotational speed. See crossplane post for unusual inline-four designs.
The AP automatic transmission is a 4-speed automatic transmission device developed by Automotive Products as well as the British Motor Corporation particularly for employ inside the Mini.
It was specific because not merely was it among the initially transverse installed automatic transmission units designed for front wheel drive, it was among the smallest inside purchase with be selected inside the transmission-in-sump installation below the A-series engine chosen inside the Mini, plus later the 1100/1300 ranges. Another novel feature was which the transmission was crafted with employ the engine s lubricating oil, instead of traditional automatic transmission fluid. The units were produced inside a BMC plant inside Kings Norton, Birmingham that provided complete powertrain packages with the Longbridge plus Cowley assembly vegetation.
It was additionally later utilized found on the Austin Allegro, as well as its final employ was inside the authentic adaptation of the Austin Metro, plus stayed a choice till 1990.
The British Motor Corporation Limited had been a UK-based car maker, created inside early 1952 with provide impact with an agreed merger of the Morris plus Austin companies.
BMC acquired the shares inside Morris Motors as well as the Austin Motor Company. Morris Motors, the carrying firm of the successful companies of the Nuffield Organisation), owned MG, Riley plus Wolseley.
The agreed exchange of shares inside Morris or Austin for shares inside the fresh carrying business, BMC, became efficient inside mid-April 1952.
In September 1965 BMC took control of its main dealers Pressed Steel acquiring Jaguar s body supplier inside the procedure.
In September 1966 BMC took control of Jaguar Cars Limited.
On 14 December 1966 BMC changed its name with British Motor Holdings Limited or BMH.
BMH merged inside May 1968 with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, that created pickups plus buses plus were owners of Standard-Triumph International Limited, BMH becoming the main piece of British Leyland Motor Corporation.
BMC was the biggest British auto business of its day, with 39 per cent of British output, producing a variety of vehicles below brands including Austin, Morris, MG, Austin-Healey, Riley plus Wolseley and commercial cars plus agricultural tractors. The first chairman was Lord Nuffield yet he was changed at the finish of 1952 by Austin s Leonard Lord that continued because part till his 65th birthday inside 1961 nevertheless handing over, inside theory at minimum, the managing director tasks with his deputy George Harriman inside 1956.
BMC s headquarters were at the Austin plant at Longbridge, close Birmingham plus Austin was the dominant partner inside the group because of the chairman. The employ of Morris engine designs was dropped in 3 years plus all hot automobile designs were coded ADO from "Amalgamated Drawing Office". The Longbridge plant was up-to-date, having been completely modernised inside 1951, plus compared truly favourably with Nuffield s 16 different plus usually older fashioned factories spread over the English Midlands. Austin s administration systems but, specifically expense control plus advertising, were less advantageous because Nuffield s plus because the marketplace changed from a shortage of vehicles with competition this was with tell. The biggest-selling automobile, the Mini, was famously analysed by Ford Motor Company whom concluded which BMC should be losing 25 about each 1 available. The happen was which though volumes held up perfectly throughout the BMC era, marketplace share fell because did profitability plus therefore investment inside brand-new models, causing the 1966 merger with Jaguar Cars with shape British Motor Holdings, as well as the government sponsored merger of BMH with Leyland Motor Corporation inside 1968.
At the time of the mergers, there was clearly a perfectly established dealership network for every of the marques. Among the car-buying British public there was clearly a tendency of loyalty with a certain marque plus marques appealed with different marketplace segments. This meant which marques competed against every alternative inside certain regions, though several marques had a bigger range than others. The Riley plus Wolseley models were marketing inside quite tiny numbers. Styling was furthermore getting distinctly older fashioned plus this caused Leonard Lord, inside an unusual move for him, with call on the services of a exterior stylist.
The Mark IV was introduced inside 1976. It has a front rubber installed subframe with single tower bolts as well as the back frame had certain bigger bushes introduced. Twin stalk indicators were introduced with heavier foot pedals. From 1977 onwards, the back signal lights had the reverse lights included inside them. In 1980, the engine was uprated with the improved A-Plus device within the Metro. This was then followed with a quantity of later incremental developments:
In 1978, the Mini was among the key vehicles prepared accessible with disabled motorists beneath the fresh Motability scheme.
Reports of the Mini s imminent demise surfaced again inside 1980 with all the release of the Austin Mini-Metro. The Mini was beginning with fall from favour inside various export markets, with all the South African, Australian, plus New Zealand markets all stopping manufacturing about this time. Although the Mini continued with be yielded affter the Metro s release, creation volumes were reduced because British Leyland plus successor combine Rover Group concentrated found on the Metro because its key supermini. 1981 was the Mini s last year inside the best 10 of Britain s top marketing vehicles, because it came ninth as well as the Metro was fifth.
The Mini became a Rover Mini from 1988.
The fibreglass Mini integrated Chile from 1970 till 1974 wasn't truly the only fibreglass version: inside the summer of 1991, a fibreglass bodied Mini again entered manufacturing, this amount of time in Venezuela. The producer, Facorca, intended with market the vehicle inside the Caribbean plus Central America, and had plans for Brazilian assembly.
Mark V: all vehicles had 8.4-inch brake discs plus plastic wheel arches however retained the same Mark IV body shell form.
Mark VI: the engine mounting points were moved forward with take 1275 cc force units, plus involves the later HIF adaptation of the SU carb, and the single point gas injected automobile that came out inside 1991. The 998 cc energy units were discontinued. An internal bonnet launch was fitted from 1992.
Mark VII: was the final variation, twin point injection with front installed radiator. Full-width dashboard replaces the authentic shelf, internal bonnet launch. Introduction of airbag about driver s side.
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